10 слов для SAT: sanguine, recalcitrant, misanthropic, compliance with, forfeiture of, demarcated from, reconstituted as, conflated with, depleted, homogeneous. Для каждого слова даны транскрипция, определение, перевод и три примера, а в конце урока вас ждут короткая история со всеми словами и 21 вопрос для проверки.
By autumn, the old Hartley Mill was a gloomy place. Its supplies were depleted, its workers were exhausted, and the owner, a misanthropic man who rarely left his office, ignored every complaint. Only the new manager, Tom, stayed sanguine.
Tom’s first step was to put the rules in writing. Compliance with safety standards would come first, he said, and any worker who cheated the system would face forfeiture of the yearly bonus. Some staff were recalcitrant at first, but the tasks of each team were now clearly demarcated from those of the others, so nobody could blame anyone else. Jobs that had long been conflated with one another were separated, and the dull, homogeneous grey of the factory floor was repainted in bright colours. By spring the mill had been reconstituted as a cooperative, owned by the people who worked there.
adjective
cheerful and optimistic, especially in a difficult situation
жизнерадостный, оптимистичный
Часто: sanguine about something. В старом значении «кровавый», но в современном английском чаще «бодрый, уверенный».
“She remained sanguine about her chances despite the poor start.”
“The manager was sanguine that the project would finish on time.”
“He gave a sanguine smile and shrugged off the bad news.”
adjective
stubbornly refusing to obey rules or follow instructions
непокорный, упрямый
Чаще о людях и животных, которые не хотят подчиняться: a recalcitrant child, mule, witness.
“The recalcitrant student ignored every warning from the teacher.”
“Negotiators struggled to deal with the recalcitrant regime.”
“She stayed recalcitrant even after the rules were explained twice.”
adjective
disliking and distrusting other people, and avoiding human company
человеконенавистнический, нелюдимый
Существительные: misanthrope («мизантроп») и misanthropy.
“He lived alone in the hills, bitter and misanthropic.”
“Her misanthropic remarks made the dinner awkward.”
“The hero of the novel is a misanthropic old doctor who avoids the village.”
noun phrase
the act of following a rule, law, or request
соблюдение (правил), соответствие, подчинение
Глагол: comply with. Часто: in compliance with the law, non-compliance with the rules.
“The factory was closed for non-compliance with safety rules.”
“All staff must act in compliance with the new policy.”
“Full compliance with the regulations is required.”
noun phrase
the loss of something, such as a right or property, as a penalty for breaking a rule
утрата (права, имущества) как наказание, конфискация
Глагол: forfeit. Часто: forfeiture of rights, property, a deposit.
“Breaking the contract can lead to the forfeiture of your deposit.”
“The court ordered the forfeiture of the stolen goods.”
“Late payment may result in forfeiture of the right to appeal.”
verb phrase (passive)
separated from something else by clearly marked limits
быть чётко отделённым, размежёванным (от чего-то)
Инфинитив: demarcate. Существительное: demarcation (a demarcation line, «линия разграничения»).
“The garden is demarcated from the road by a low stone wall.”
“The two areas were clearly demarcated from each other.”
“Her role is sharply demarcated from that of the manager.”
verb phrase (passive)
formed again in a different way, with a new structure or purpose
быть преобразованным, воссозданным (в новом виде)
Инфинитив: reconstitute. Ещё значение «разбавить водой»: reconstituted milk, сухое молоко.
“The old committee was reconstituted as an independent board.”
“The company was reconstituted as a non-profit foundation.”
“After the merger, the school was reconstituted as a single academy.”
verb phrase (passive)
combined or confused with something else, so that the two seem the same
смешиваться, отождествляться (с чем-то)
Инфинитив: conflate. Существительное: conflation («смешение»).
“Correlation is often conflated with causation.”
“Over time, the two stories have been conflated with each other.”
“Being quiet should not be conflated with being unfriendly.”
adjective
greatly reduced in amount or number; used up
истощённый, исчерпанный
Глагол: deplete («истощать»). Существительное: depletion. Часто: depleted stocks, resources, energy.
“After the long winter, the village’s food supplies were severely depleted.”
“Overfishing has depleted the ocean’s fish stocks.”
“She felt too depleted to argue any more.”
adjective
made up of parts or people that are all of the same kind
однородный, однотипный
Противоположное: heterogeneous. Реже пишут homogenous.
“The town was culturally homogeneous, and almost everyone shared the same background.”
“Mix the paint until the colour is completely homogeneous.”
“The class was far from homogeneous: students differed widely in age and skill.”
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